''Haaniella saussurei'' is a species of

stick insect The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida, Phasmatoptera or Spectra) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs, walking sticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as ...

native to

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

and a typical representative of the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Heteropteryginae Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes th ...

. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name.

Description

As is typical for most of the species of the

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

'' Haaniella'', both sexes of ''Haaniella saussurei'' have many sharp thorns on the body and legs and very short wings. The front wings, which are designed as

tegmina A tegmen (plural: ''tegmina'') designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera ( earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick an ...

, completely cover the short hind wings (alae). The latter are transformed into

stridulation Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...

organs and are used to ward off enemies. The females are often patterned in contrasting light and dark brown, but can also only be dark. With increasing age, the contrast in the patterned females decreases and the animals become darker. Egg-laying females have a conspicuously plump

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...

, the end of which is formed by a spike-like laying apparatus that surrounds the actual

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...

. The dorsal end segment of this ovipositor is formed by the eleventh

tergum A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; plural ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The Anatomical terms of location#Ante ...

. This structure, known as the supraanal plate, is characterized by four fine teeth at the end in the females of ''Haaniella saussurei''. Older juvenile stages have strong pink colored membranes in the area of the hind and middle coxae and partly also on the membranes of the abdominal segments. The hind and mid-coxae themselves are light to steel blue. This striking coloring serves as a warning, as the animals defend themselves with their thorny hind legs. The hind legs are extended in the air together with the abdomen and fold when touched, so that they pinch an attacker. Females are significantly larger than males at . These are much slimmer, much more spiny on the back and only about long. They are usually dark brown immediately after the imaginal molt, but then often become very light. Their fore wings are dark brown at the base and almost white on the lateral edges. The middle and rear portions are also white with dark brown veining. The spines and synovial membranes are often striking green. Both in the coloring of the body and the wings, they are very similar to the males of ''

Haaniella grayii ''Haaniella grayii'' is a stick insect species native to Borneo. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae and the largest species of the genus '' Haaniella''. The occasionally used common name Gray's Haaniella refers to ...

'', although these usually show even more intense shades of green. However, while ''Haaniella grayii'' has a pair of long spines on the

mesonotum The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments of the thorax of hexapods, and bears the second pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the mesonotum (dorsal), the mesosternum (ventral), and the mesopleuron (lateral) on ...

in addition to the characteristic four spines at the end in front and in the middle, ''Haaniella saussurei'' lacks the pair of spines in the middle of the mesonotum. In

adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...

males, not only the green spines are conspicuous, but also the green, sometimes turquoise-green joint areas, especially on the hind coxae, which are particularly prominent there due to the red thigh ring.

Distribution and reproduction

The distribution area of ''Haaniella saussurei'' is limited to the coastal areas in the west of Borneo. Here the species was found in the southwest of the

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

n state of

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

. Females lay lemon-shaped, hairless eggs in the ground. These are long, high and about wide.

Taxonomy

In 1869,

Henri de Saussure Henri is an Estonian, Finnish, French, German and Luxembourgish form of the masculine given name Henry. People with this given name ; French noblemen :'' See the 'List of rulers named Henry' for Kings of France named Henri.'' * Henri I de Montm ...

assigned a female he had studied to the ''Heteropteryx grayii'' (now ''Haaniella grayii'') described ten years earlier by

John Obadiah Westwood John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist also noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologist ...

, but points out some differences. In 1904,

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. Life He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...

described the genus ''Haaniella'' in which he created a separate species for the female studied by Saussure, which he named ''Haaniella saussurei'' in honor of Saussure. The female deposited in the

Natural History Museum of Geneva The Natural History Museum of Geneva (in French: ') is a natural history museum in Geneva, Switzerland. Louis Jurine’s collections of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera are held by the museum. Other displays include a ...

is thus the

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several ...

of the species, as well as the hololectotype described by Saussure of its first

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

''Heteropteryx grayi'' Saussure, 1869. Also, among the five

types Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Typ ...

of ''Haaniella grayi'' classified as "Westwood's types", of the four specimens deposited at the

Oxford University Museum of Natural History The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum or OUMNH, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It a ...

, only the female

lectotype In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...

is actually a representative of ''Haaniella grayii'', while the female and two male paralectotypes are ''Haaniella saussurei''. In 1906,

Josef Redtenbacher Josef Redtenbacher (March 13, 1810 – March 5, 1870) was an Austrian chemist born in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria. He was a brother to entomologist Ludwig Redtenbacher (1814–1876). He studied medicine and botany at the University ...

took the view that the animals belonged to the genus '' Heteropteryx'' and designated them accordingly. As with many other species, he added " nov. spec.", which, according to today's understanding, is an indication of a new description and has led to another synonym. What was meant was probably the new combination of genus and species names (common today: comb. nov.). In 1938, John W. H. Rehn assigned the female described by Kirby as ''Haaniella saussurei'' to ''

Haaniella echinata ''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia. Characteristics The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8&nbs ...

'' and thus synonymousized ''Haaniella saussurei''. At the same time he described the species ''Haaniella echidna'' using a male from the collection of

Morgan Hebard Morgan Hebard (February 23, 1887 – December 28, 1946) was an American entomologist who specialized in orthoptera, and assembled a collection of over 250,000 specimens. Early life and education Morgan Hebard was born on February 23, 1887, in Cle ...

deposited at the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1812, by many of the leading natura ...

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...

. This was placed by

Klaus Günther Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas. Notable persons whose family name is Klaus * Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseb ...

in 1944 as a

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

of ''Haaniella echinata''. He also considered the species described by Kirby to be a subspecies and named it ''Haaniella echinata saussurei''. He does not name Kirby as the author of the subspecies, but Redtenbacher. Philip E. Bragg recognized ''Haaniella saussurei'' as an independent valid species again in 1992 and also transferred ''Haaniella echidna'', which Daniel Otte had raised again to species status in 1978, as a synonym for this.

Frank H. Hennemann Frank H. Hennemann (born 1 July 1978 in Ludwigshafen) is a German entomologist and taxonomist who works in the field of biodiversity research on the systematics and biogeography of stick insects ( Phasmatodea). Biography Hennemann grew up ...

et al. divided the genus into three species groups in 2016. ''Haaniella saussurei'' has been assigned to the "''echinata''" species group along with ''Haaniella echinata'' and ''

Haaniella scabra ''Haaniella scabra'' is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Small Haaniella refers to the size of this. Description ''Haaniella scabra'' pr ...

''. This assignment could not be confirmed by a

molecular genetic Molecular genetics is a sub-field of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the ...

study from 2021. Sarah Bank et al. included, among others, at least five species from Borneo in their study and showed that ''Haaniella saussurei'' has a special position within the genus, while the other species from Borneo are relatively closely related.

In terraristics

''Haaniella saussurei'' first appeared in terraristics in the second half of the 1990s. The breeding stocks go back to specimens collected by Philip E. Bragg and Ian Abercrombie in 1994 in

, more precisely in Tarum near Debak. The species was assigned PSG number 177 by the Phasmid Study Group. Medium-sized terrariums are required to keep ''Haaniella saussurei''. In these, a substrate that is suitable for laying eggs and is always slightly moist should cover the terrarium floor by . The humidity and temperature in the terrarium should be rather high in order to do justice to the tropical origin of the animals. It eats leaves of

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...

such as

bramble A bramble is any rough, tangled, prickly shrub, usually in the genus ''Rubus'', which grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries. "Bramble" is also used to describe other prickly shrubs, such as roses (''Rosa'' species). The fruits inclu ...

and also of

ivy ''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and ...

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

eucalyptus ''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as euca ...

and

Salal ''Gaultheria shallon'' is an evergreen shrub in the heather family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. In English, it is known as salal, shallon, or (mainly in Britain) gaultheria. Description ''Gaultheria shallon'' is tall, spra ...

Gallery

Haaniella saussurei Männchen.jpg, Male Haaniella saussurei Weibchen 2.jpg, contrasting drawn female Haaniella saussurei - eggs.jpg, Eggs Haaniella saussurei - portrait of male.JPG, Arrangement of the thoracic spines in a male

References

Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
'. Version 5.0. (accessdate 11 October 2022) Bragg, P. E. (2001). ''Phasmids of Borneo'', Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, pp. 90–93, Seiler, C; Bradler, S. & Koch, R. (2000). ''Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium''. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, p. 137, de Saussure, H. (1869).
Melanges Orthopterologiques
', Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève, pp. 310–312 Kirby, W. F. (1904).
A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae)
', pp. 397 Rehn, J. W. H.: ''Notes on the Genus Haaniella with the Description of a New Species (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae)'', Transactions of the American Entomological Society 64 (4), 1938. p. 369, pl. 14 pic. 1 Günther, K. (1944).
Bemerkungen über indomalayische Stabheuschrecken (Orth.), besonders die Gattung Haaniella Kby.
', Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 105, pp. 68–72 Redtenbacher, J. (1906).
Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae
'. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 171 Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), ''Zootaxa'' 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.
Phasmatodea.com
/ref> Bruins, E (2006). ''Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie'', Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, p. 77, Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021)
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
''Systematic Entomology'', DOI:10.1111/syen.12472

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q952086 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea of Asia Insects described in 1904